Reigned AD 976–1025
Basil II and the Balkan Wars
Basil II ruled from AD 976 to 1025 and spent much of his reign consolidating imperial authority. His long conflict with the…
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Greece
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First period AD 726–787; second period AD 815–843
Byzantine Iconoclasm
Byzantine Iconoclasm involved periods when emperors and church leaders restricted or condemned the veneration of sacred images. Supporters of icons defended their…
Read story →Fourth–fifteenth centuries
Byzantine Law and the Legacy of Rome
Byzantine law developed from Roman imperial legislation, Justinian's codification and later Greek-language revisions. It governed property, family, trade, crime and relations between…
Read story →Fourth–fifteenth centuries
Byzantine Manuscripts and Learning
Byzantine scholars copied Christian works, ancient literature, philosophy, medicine, law and science into hand-written codices. Manuscript production was essential to education and…
Read story →Late Antiquity to the present
Byzantine Music and Chant
Byzantine chant is the musical tradition associated with the Greek-speaking Orthodox Church. It developed through liturgical poetry, modal systems, trained singers and…
Read story →Fourth–fifteenth centuries
Byzantine Trade and the Mediterranean
Byzantine trade moved grain, wine, oil, ceramics, textiles, metals, spices and luxury goods across the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Constantinople was the…
Read story →1873–1950
Constantin Carathéodory: A Greek Mathematician in Europe
Constantin Carathéodory, born in Berlin to an Ottoman Greek family, became one of the leading mathematicians of his age. In 1920 the…
Read story →Fourth–fifteenth centuries
Daily Life in Byzantine Greece
Most people in Byzantine Greece lived through agriculture, craft, trade and family networks. Daily routines varied greatly between cities, villages, islands, monasteries…
Read story →Fifth and fourth centuries BC
Daily Life in Classical Greece
Most people in Classical Greece spent their time producing food, maintaining households, practising crafts, trading and caring for family. Daily experience varied…
Read story →Fifteenth–early nineteenth centuries
Education in Ottoman Greek Communities
Greek education under Ottoman rule varied greatly by place and period. Community schools, church institutions, merchant sponsorship and private teaching expanded literacy…
Read story →Prime minister from 1910 in several periods
Eleftherios Venizelos and the Reform of Greece
Eleftherios Venizelos became prime minister of Greece in 1910 after rising to prominence in Cretan politics. His governments introduced constitutional, administrative, educational…
Read story →Third–seventh centuries AD
From Roman Greece to Late Antiquity
Between the third and seventh centuries AD, Greek regions experienced political crisis, Christianization, urban change and the development of the eastern Roman…
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