AD 129–c. 216
Galen of Pergamon: Physician to Gladiators and Emperors
Galen, born in Pergamon in AD 129, became the most influential physician of the ancient world. His writings on anatomy, physiology and…
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Anatolia
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1919–1922
The Asia Minor Campaign
Between 1919 and 1922 the Greek army expanded from the Smyrna zone deep into Anatolia. Initial advances were followed by the failure…
Read story →Developed mainly from the seventh century
The Byzantine Theme System
Themes were regional military and administrative districts that developed during the seventh and eighth centuries. Their organization changed repeatedly as the empire's…
Read story →1204–1261
The Empire of Nicaea and the Return to Constantinople
After the Fourth Crusade, Byzantine rulers established an empire centred on Nicaea in western Anatolia. It became the strongest Greek successor state…
Read story →AD 1081–1185
The Komnenian Restoration
Beginning with Alexios I Komnenos in 1081, the Komnenian dynasty restored political stability, reorganized armies and diplomacy and recovered some territories.
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